ASNT NDT Library - TheUseofthePullOffTestMethodtoCharacterizethePerformanceofaConcreteRepairSystem

The pull-off test or "bond-test" is considered as a nondestructive testing method generally used in the concrete repair industry to measure the adhesion between a coating and a concrete's surface. The method allows for better quality control of bond performance when applying coatings or overlays on concrete, in addition to providing a better understanding of the applied coating and substrate strength. In particular, the strength values obtained from this test let the user know if there is an issue regarding the coating testing or the substrate surface preparation leading to disbondment. For example, the moisture content of a concrete material before the application of a coating causing insufficient adhesion. For this study, differences between concrete surface preparations and coating materials are investigated to understand the field performance of the concrete repair system better and propose adequate repair methods to ensure optimal performance. Through testing of various epoxy and polyaspartic polyuria based coatings, the pull-off test was used to better understand the bonding performance between the coating and the surface of the concrete. In addition to this, the influence of internal moisture and surface moisture conditions along with coating layer thickness were evaluated to see how these affected the bond strength between the concrete and the coating. Experimental data that the internal moisture of concrete can affect the bond performance of the coating material even if the surface moisture was low at the time of application. Also, the test may not be suitable for determining the performance of a coating if its thickness is a parameter of concern.

ASTM Standard C192, 2016a, "Standard Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the
Laboratory," ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2018, DOI: 10.1520/C0192_C0192M-16A,
www.astm.org
ASTM Standard C511, 2013, "Standard Specification for Mixing Rooms, Moist Cabinets, Moist Rooms,
and Water Storage Tanks Used in the Testing of Hydraulic Cements and Concretes," ASTM International,
West Conshohocken, PA, 2018, DOI: 10.1520/C0511-13, www.astm.org
ASTM Standard C1543, 2010a, "Standard Test Method for Determining the Penetration of Chloride Ion
into Concrete by Ponding," ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2018, DOI: 10.1520/C1543-
10a, www.astm.org
ASTM Standard D7234, 2012, "Standard Test Method for Pull-Off Adhesion Strength of Coatings on
Concrete Using Portable Pull-Off Adhesion Testers," ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2018,
DOI: 10.1520/D7234-12, www.astm.org
Ha, S. (2013). Bond characteristics of sprayed FRP composites bonded to concrete substrate considering
various concrete surface conditions. Composite Structures, 100, 270-9. Retrieved from https://wwwsciencedirect-
com.argo.library.okstate.edu/science/article/pii/S0263822313000147?via%3Dihub
Hughes, Mark E., and Carl R. Bischof. Concrete Repair Manual. 4th ed., vol. 1, American Concrete
Institute, 2013.
Hughes, Mark E., and Carl R. Bischof. Concrete Repair Manual. 4th ed., vol. 2, American Concrete
Institute, 2013.
Petrie, Edward M., (2011). Metal Finishing, Volume 109, Issue 6 - Osmotic Blisters in Coatings and
Adhesives. Pages 28-30, ISSN 0026-0576. Retrieved from
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0026057613700217
S. Mondal & J. L. Hu (2006) Segmented shape memory polyurethane and its water vapor transport
properties, Designed Monomers and Polymers, 9:6, 527-550, DOI: 10.1163/156855506778944028.
Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1163/156855506778944028
Tator, Kenneth B.. (2015). ASM Handbook, Volume 05B - Protective Organic Coatings - 7.2 Epoxy
Resins. ASM International. Retrieved from
https://app.knovel.com/hotlink/pdf/id:kt00UPY7M1/asm-handbook-volume-05b/epoxy-resins
Tator, Kenneth B.. (2015). ASM Handbook, Volume 05B - Protective Organic Coatings - 12.2
Polyurethane Chemistry Basics. ASM International. Retrieved from
https://app.knovel.com/hotlink/pdf/id:kt00UPYBF2/asm-handbook-volume-05b/polyurethane-chemistry
Tator, Kenneth B.. (2015). ASM Handbook, Volume 05B - Protective Organic Coatings - 13.2 A Brief
History of Polyurea Development. ASM International. Retrieved from
https://app.knovel.com/hotlink/pdf/id:kt00UPYBV1/asm-handbook-volume-05b/brief-history-polyurea
Tator, Kenneth B.. (2015). ASM Handbook, Volume 05B - Protective Organic Coatings - 14.2 Polyaspartic
Esters and Their Chemistry. ASM International. Retrieved from
https://app.knovel.com/hotlink/pdf/id:kt00UPYC72/asm-handbook-volume-05b/polyaspartic-esters-their
Tator, Kenneth B.. (2015). ASM Handbook, Volume 05B - Protective Organic Coatings - 41.1 Variability
within a Properly Applied Coating Layer. ASM International. Retrieved from
https://app.knovel.com/hotlink/pdf/id:kt00UPYZD4/asm-handbook-volume-05b/variability-within-properly
Tator, Kenneth B.. (2015). ASM Handbook, Volume 05B - Protective Organic Coatings - 44.2 Adhesion
Failure. ASM International. Retrieved from
https://app.knovel.com/hotlink/pdf/id:kt00UPZ0S1/asm-handbook-volume-05b/adhesion-failure
Zhang. (n.d.). Interior Relative Humidity of Normal- and High-Strength Concrete at Early Age. Journal of
Materials in Civil Engineering,24(6), 615-622. Retrieved from https://ascelibraryorg.
argo.library.okstate.edu/doi/abs/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000441
Bentz, Dale P., Igor De la Varga, Jose F. Muñoz, Robert P. Spragg, Benjamin A. Graybeal, Daniel S.
Hussey, David L. Jacobson, Scott Z. Jones, and Jacob M. LaManna. 2018. “Influence of Substrate Moisture
State and Roughness on Interface Microstructure and Bond Strength: Slant Shear vs. Pull-off Testing.”
Cement and Concrete Composites 87 (March): 63–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2017.12.005.
Genty, Sébastien, Jean-Baptiste Sauvage, Philippe Tingaut, and Maëlenn Aufray. 2017. “Experimental and
Statistical Study of Three Adherence Tests for an Epoxy-Amine/Aluminum Alloy System: Pull-Off, Single
Lap Joint and Three-Point Bending Tests.” International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives 79
(December): 50–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2017.09.004.
Ghavidel, Reza, Rahmat Madandoust, and Malek Mohammad Ranjbar. 2015. “Reliability of Pull-off Test
for Steel Fiber Reinforced Self-Compacting Concrete.” Measurement 73 (September): 628–39.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2015.06.013.
Mata, Oscar R., and Rebecca A. Atadero. 2014. “Evaluation of Pull-Off Tests as a FRP–Concrete Bond
Testing Method in the Laboratory and Field.” Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction
19 (2): 04014001. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)SC.1943-5576.0000170.
Mitchell, M. R., R. E. Link, Troy Eveslage, John Aidoo, Kent A. Harries, and William Bro. 2010. “Effect
of Variations in Practice of ASTM D7522 Standard Pull-Off Test for FRP-Concrete Interfaces.” Journal of
Testing and Evaluation 38 (4): 102682. https://doi.org/10.1520/JTE102682.
Nepomuceno, Miguel C. S., and Sérgio M. R. Lopes. 2017. “Analysis of Within-Test Variability of Non-
Destructive Test Methods to Evaluate Compressive Strength of Normal Vibrated and Self-Compacting
Concretes.” IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 245 (October): 032025.
https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/245/3/032025.
Ramos, N.M.M., M.L. Simões, J.M.P.Q. Delgado, and V.P. de Freitas. 2012. “Reliability of the Pull-off
Test for in Situ Evaluation of Adhesion Strength.” Construction and Building Materials 31 (June): 86–93.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.12.097.
Sadowski, Łukasz. 2013. “Non-Destructive Evaluation of the Pull-off Adhesion of Concrete Floor Layers
Using Rbf Neural Network.” Journal of Civil Engineering and Management 19 (4): 550–60.
https://doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2013.790838.

Usage	Shares
Total Views 39 Page Views	Total Shares 0 Tweets
39 0 PDF Downloads	0 0 Facebook Shares
Total Usage
39

Related Publications