
The transportation infrastructure in the United States is in a deteriorated state, and many critical structures are approaching or even exceeding their functional lives. While unfortunate, this is not unexpected given that the interstate highway system (initiated in 1965, and covering more than 48 000 miles of roadway with more than 55 000 bridges throughout the United States) is rapidly aging. In the northern parts of the United States, these structures have experienced prolonged exposure to deicing salts, in some cases for the better part of 50 years. Even with rehabilitation efforts (such as low permeability deck overlays), or adoption of deck-protection technologies in new construction (such as epoxy-coated or galvanized reinforcement), deterioration of these structures is expected and in some cases unavoidable, particularly in extreme weather environments. As these systems continue to degrade, significant resources will need to be allocated to restore the condition of these facilities to ensure safe and reliable use. Regular, targeted inspections incorporating hands-on field investigations and appropriately selected nondestructive evaluation (NDE) methods are of vital importance in developing appropriate and cost-effective maintenance and repair programs for civil infrastructure.
ACI, 2013, ACI 228.2R-13 - Report on Nondestructive Test Methods for Evaluation of Concrete in Structures, American Concrete Institute, Committee 228, Farmington Hills, MI.
ASTM, 2012, ASTM C1152-04(2012)e1 - Standard Test Method for Acid-Soluble Chloride in Mortar and Concrete, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM, 2013, ASTM C1583-13 - Standard Test Method for Tensile Strength of Concrete Surfaces and the Bond Strength or Tensile Strength of Concrete Repair and Overlay Materials by Direct Tension (Pull-off Method), ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM, 2015, ASTM C876-15 - Standard Test Method for Corrosion Potentials of Uncoated Reinforcing Steel in Concrete, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM, 2017, ASTM C1218-17 - Standard Test Method for Water-Soluble Chloride in Mortar and Concrete, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM, 2018a, ASTM D4580-12 (2018) - Standard Practice for Measuring Delaminations in Concrete Bridge Decks by Sounding, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM, 2018b, ASTM C42-18a - Standard Test Method for Obtaining and Testing Drilled Cores and Sawed Beams of Concrete, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM, 2018c, ASTM C39-18 - Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM, 2018d, ASTM C856-18a - Standard Practice for Petrographic Examination of Hardened Concrete, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
Broomfield, John P., 2007, Corrosion of Steel in Concrete, Taylor and Francis, New York, NY.
Polder, R., C. Andrade, B. Elsener, Ø. Vennesland, J. Gulikers, R. Weidert, and M. Raupach, 2000, “Test Methods for Onsite Measurement of Resistivity of Concrete” (RILEM TC 154-EMC: Electrochemical Techniques for Measuring Metallic Corrosion), Materials and Structures, Vol. 33, No. 10, pp. 603–611.
Rutgers, 2013, “The Future of Bridge Health Management: A Revolutionary New Technology to Assess and Monitor Bridge Deck Condition,” Transportation Today Newsletter, Issue 11; available online at cait.rutgers.edu.
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