The aim of this article is to try to confirm both the authenticity and the alleged provenance of a well preserved Crusader era sword, as well as its method of production and the components of the metal.
Abdel-Karim, A.A.M., “Petrographic and
Chemical Characterization of Fe-Ti Oxides and
Sulfides Hosted in Mafic Intrusions, South
Sinai, Egypt: Implication for Genesis,” Journal of
Geology and Mining Research, Vol. 1, No. 3, May
2009, pp. 76–93.
Agricola, G., De Re Metallica: Translated from
the First Latin Edition of 1556 by Herbert Clark
Hoover and Lou Henry Hoover, Dover
Publications, New York, New York, 1950.
ASM, ASM Handbook Volume 1: Properties and
Selection: Irons, Steels and High-performance
Alloys, ASM International, 1993.
ASM, Smithells Metals Reference Book, eighth
edition, ASM International, 2004.
ASTM, Handbook of Comparative World Steel
Standards: ASTM DS67B, third edition, ASTM
International, West Conshohocken,
Pennsylvania, 2004.
Barrena, M.I., J.M. Gómez de Salazar and
A. Soria, “Roman Iron Axes Manufacturing
Technology,” Nuclear Instruments and Methods in
Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with
Materials and Atoms, Vol. 266, No. 6, 2008,
pp. 955–960.
Ben Dov, M., “Crusader Fortresses in
Eretz-Israel,” Qadmoniot, Vol. 32, 1975,
pp. 102–113 (Hebrew).
Cornell, R.M. and U. Schwertmann, The
Iron Oxides: Structure, Properties, Reactions,
Occurrences and Uses, Wiley-VCH Press, 2003.
Dean, B., “The Exploration of a Crusader
Fortress (Montfort) in Palestine,” The
Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, Vol. 22,
No. 9, Part 2, 1927, pp. 5–46.
Ehrenreich, R.M., E. Hamilton and S.K. Nash,
“Far from Barbaric: Re-assessing the
Sophistication of Merovingian Metalworking,”
JOM, Vol. 57, No. 8, 2005, pp. 51–55.
Hassan, M.A.A., “Environmental Studies on
Coastal Zone Soils of the North Sinai Peninsula
(Egypt) using Remote Sensing Techniques,”
Landbauforschung Völkenrode Sonderheft,
Vol. 238, 2002.
Hošek, J. and J. Košta, “Metallography of the
9th Century Sword of a Great Moravian
Nobleman Buried in Mikulice (Grave no. 580),”
Association of Metallurgical Engineers of Serbia,
Vols. 2–3, No. 12, 2006, pp. 199–206.
Johns, C.N., “Excavations at Atlit (1930-1): The
South-eastern Cemetery,” Quarterly of the
Department of Antiquities in Palestine, Vol. 2,
1933, pp. 41–104.
Johns, C.N., “Excavations at Pilgrims’ Castle,
Atlit (1932-3): Stables at the South-west of the
Suburb,” Quarterly of the Department of
Antiquities in Palestine, Vol. 5, 1936, pp. 31–60.
Jordanim, P., Von Stahel und Eysen (1532),
translated by S. Steiner-Welz, 2002.
Mapelli, C., W. Nicodemi and R.F. Riva,
“Microstructural Investigation on a Medieval
Sword Produced in 12th Century A.D.,”
ISIJ International, Vol. 47, No. 7, 2007,
pp. 1050–1057.
Murray, M., R.W. Mahoney and C.B. Cliff,
ASM Handbook, Vol. 6: Welding, Brazing, and
Soldering, second edition, ASM International,
Ohio, 1993, pp. 156–59.
Nicodemi, W., C. Mapelli, R. Venturini and
R. Riva, “Metallurgical Investigations on Two
Sword Blades of 7th and 3rd Century B.C.
found in Central Italy,” ISIJ International,
Vol. 45, No. 9, 2005, pp. 1358–1370.
Nicolle, D.C., Arms and Armour of the
Crusading Era 1050–1350: Western Europe
and the Crusader States, Greenhill Books,
London, United Kingdom, 1999.
Oakeshott, E., Records of the Medieval Sword,
Woodbridge, Suffolk, United Kingdom, 2007,
pp. 65–94.
Oakeshott, E., The Sword in the Age of Chivalry,
Boydell Press, United Kingdom, 1992.
Pense, A.W., “Iron Through the Ages,”
Materials Characterization, Vol. 45, Nos. 4–5,
2000, pp. 353–363.
Perttula, J., “Reproduced Wootz Damascus
Steel,” Scandinavian Journal of Metallurgy,
Vol. 30, No. 2, 2001, pp. 65–68.
Perttula, J., “Wootz Damascus Steel of Ancient
Orient,” Scandinavian Journal of Metallurgy,
Vol. 33, No. 2, 2004, pp. 92–97.
Pincu, R. and O. Kleinberger, “Portable X-ray
in the Service of Art,” 9th International
Conference on NDT of Art, Jerusalem, Israel,
25–30 May 2008.
Rögner, K., K. Knabe, B. Roscher, W.
Smykatz-Kloss and L. Zöller, “Alluvial Loess
in the Central Sinai: Occurrence, Origin and
Palaeoclimatological Consideration,” Palaeoecology
of Quaternary Drylands, Lecture Notes in Earth
Sciences, Vol. 102, 2004, pp. 79–99.
Roll, I. and O. Tal, “Appollonia-Arsuf,” Final
Report on the Excavations, Tel Aviv, Israel, 1999.
Tekeli, S. (ed.), “Military Museum Collections,”
Istanbul: Military Museum and Cultural Center,
1996, pp. 70–71.
Tylecote, R.F., A History of Metallurgy, second
edition, The Metals Society, London, United
Kingdom, 1962, pp. 46–57.
Tylecote, R.F. and J.W.B. Black, “The Effect
of Hydrogen Reduction on the Properties of
Ferrous Materials,” Studies in Conservation,
Vol. 25, 1980, pp. 87–96.
Wadsworth, J. and D.R. Lesuer, “Ancient and
Modern Laminated Composites – From the
Great Pyramid of Gizeh to Y2K,” Materials
Characterization, Vol. 45, Nos. 4–5, 2000,
pp. 289–313.
Williams, A., The knight and the Blast Furnace:
A History of the Metallurgy of Armour in the
Middle Ages & the Early Modern Period, Brill
Academic Publishing, Boston, Massachusetts,
2003.
Yousef, A.F.A. and I.A. El Shenawy,
“Environmental Monitoring of North Sinai
with Emphasis on Factors Affecting the Salinity
of Some Sediments,” Cairo University, Egypt,
September 2000, pp. 91–101.