In eddy current (EC) testing, presence of lift–off and material property variation makes the
defect detection as a challenging task. In view of this, a signal processing approach comprising
of independent component analysis (ICA) and wavelet packet analysis (WPA) is
attempted. In this paper, performance of hybrid signal processing approach and the resultant
improvement in signal-to-ratio (SNR) is discussed.
1. S. Udpa and P. O. Moore. Nondestructive Testing Handbook, Vol. 5 – Electromagnetic Testing. 3rd
ed. ASNT Edition, Columbus, OH (2004).
2. H. L. Libby. Introduction to Electromagnetic Nondestructive Test Methods. Wiley Interscience, New
York (1971).
3. J. Blitz. Electrical and Magnetic Methods of Non-destructive Testing. 2nd ed. Chapman & Hall,
London (1997).
4. K. Arunachalam, P. Ramuhalli, L. Udpa, and S. Udpa. Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive
Evaluation 21A:631–638 (2002).
TABLE 2 SNR Obtained by Exploited Processing Approach
Defect-ROI SNRInputImage,(dB) SNRWPA SNRICA SNRWPA-ICA SNRICA-WPA
1 3.2 10.3 12 13.2 16.4
2 4.0 10.6 12 13.2 16.6
3 8.5 11.3 12.7 13.9 19.5
4 9.2 11.8 13.5 14.1 20.1
60 B. SASI ET AL.
5. G. Chen, A. Yamaguchi, and K. Miya. IEEE Trans. on Magnetics 34(3):642–648 (1998).
6. B. Sasi, B. P. C. Rao, T. Jayakumar, and B. Raj. Research in Nondestructive Evaluation 21(3):157–170
(2010).
7. F. C. Morabito. Materials Evaluation 58(1):85–92 (2000).
8. G. Simone and F. C. Morabito. Proc. of Int. Joint Conf. on Neural Networks V:59–64 (2000).
9. B.-H. Shin, P. Ramuhalli, L. Udpa, and S. Udpa. Rev. of Prog. Quantitative NDE 23A:597–604 (2004).
10. M. Cacciola, A. Gasparics, F. C. Morabito, M. Versaci, and V. Barrile. PIERS Online 3(4):517–521
(2007).
11. I. Daubechies. Ten Lectures on Wavelets. CBMS-NSF Series in Applied Mathematics. Society for
Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (1992).
12. C. K. Chen. Introduction to Wavelets. Academic Press, Boston (1991).
13. J. Yu and S. Karlsson. Circuits System Signal Processing 20(5):497–528 (2001).
14. J. Gubbi Jr., A. Khandoker, and M. Palaniswami. Computers in Cardiology 36:733–736 (2009).
15. F. H. Ahmad, R. M. Castellane, and B. P. Durst. Spectroscopy Letters, an International Journal for
Rapid Communication 35(4):527–541 (2002).
16. A. Hyvarinen and E. Oja. Neural Networks 13(4–5):411–430 (2000).
17. A. Hyvarinen, J. Karhunen, and E. Oja. Independent Component Analysis. Wiley, New York (2001).
18. S. Fiori and P. Burrascano. Neurocomputing 56:233–255 (2004).
19. A. Leon-Garcia. Probability and Random Processed for Electrical Engineering. 2nd ed. Addison
Wesley, New York (1994).
20. A. Hyvarinen. IEEE Trans. on Neural Networks 10(3):626–634 (1999).
21. A. Hyvarinen and E. Oja. IEEE Trans. on Neural Computation 9(7):1483–1492 (1997