Publication: Publication Date: 1 October 2011Testing Method:
Developing Raman Spectroscopy for the Nondestructive Testing of Carbon Fiber Composites
Carbon fiber composites are used in high-performance situations such as overwrapping for composite overwrapped pressure vessels (COPVs) in aerospace applications and hydrogen and natural gas transportation systems. There are currently limited NDT technologies to test these composite materials in situ. NDT technologies will be critical in the future for analyzing degradation caused by the environment that can reduce strength and service life of these materials. This paper focuses on initial Raman investigation of commercially available, high-performance carbon fiber and changes in the Raman response due to applied strain on the material. Variations in elastic strain in the composite material can manifest from degradation or damage, and can be analyzed using Raman spectroscopy. The characterization of active Raman bands and the strain sensitivity of these bands for commercially available carbon fibers are reported. These results indicate that Raman spectroscopy has some ability to make strain measurements in commercially available carbon fibers. Such measurements have the potential to be used as a tool for NDT in inspections and reliability assessments of carbon fiber composite materials by detecting fibers (or groups of fibers) that have shed load or acquired additional load due to damage or degradation, or degradation of the material itself.
References
Amer, M.S. and L.S. Schadler, “Stress Concentration Phenomenon in
Graphite/Epoxy Composites: Tension/Compression Effects,” Composites
Science and Technology, Vol. 57, No. 8, 1997, pp. 1129–1137.
Bacon, R., “Growth, Structure, and Properties of Graphite Whiskers,”
Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 31, No. 2, 1960, pp. 283–290.
Chaudhuri, S.N., R.A. Chauhuri, R.E. Benner and M.S. Penugonda,
“Raman Spectroscopy for Characterization of Interfacial Debonds Between
Carbon Fibers and Polymer Matrices, Composite Structures, Vol. 76, No. 4,
2006, pp. 375–387.
Chung, D.D.L., Carbon Fiber Composites, Newton, Massachusetts,
Butterworth-Heinemann, 1994.
Ferraro, J.R. and K. Nakamoto, Introductory Raman Spectroscopy, Boston,
Massachusetts, Academic Press, Inc., 1994.
Freemantle, R.J., N. Hankinson and C.J. Brotherhood, “Rapid Phased
Array Ultrasonic Imaging of Large Area Composite Aerospace Structures,”
Insight: Non-Destructive Testing and Condition Monitoring, Vol. 47, No. 3,
2005, pp. 129–132.
Galiotis, C. and D.N. Batchelder, “Strain Dependences of the First- and
Second-order Raman Spectra of Carbon Fibres,” Journal of Materials
Science Letters, Vol. 7, No. 5, 1988, pp. 545–547.
Hsu, D.K. “Ultrasonic Nondestructive Evaluation of Composite Materials
and Structures,” presented at Society for the Advancement of Material and
Process Engineering Fall Technical Conference and Exhibition, Memphis,
Tennessee, 8–11 September 2008.
Melanitis, N., “Characterization of PAN-based Carbon Fibres with Laser
Raman Spectroscopy,” Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 31, No. 4, 1996,
p. 851.
Mitra, V.K., W.M. Risen, Jr. and R.H. Baughman, “A Laser Raman Study of
the Stress Dependence of Vibrational Frequencies of a Monocrystalline
Polydiacetylene,” Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 66, No. 6, 1977,
pp. 2731–2736.
Morgan, P., Carbon Fibers and Their Composites, first edition, Boca Raton,
Florida, CRC Press, 2005.
Nokes, J.P. and E.C. Johnson, “Inspection Techniques for Composite
Overwrapped Pressure Vessels,” Proceedings of the 1995 Joint ASME/JSME
Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference, Honolulu, Hawaii, 23–27 July 1995.
Rantala, J., D. Wu and G. Busse, “Amplitude-Modulated Lock-In Vibrothermography
for NDE of Polymers and Composites,” Research in Nondestructive
Evaluation, Vol. 7, No. 4, 1996, pp. 215–228.
Robinson, I.M., M. Zakikani, R.J. Day, R.J. Young and C. Galiotis, “Strain
Dependence of the Raman Frequencies for Different Types of Carbon
Fibres,” Journal of Materials Science Letters, Vol. 6, No. 10, 1987,
pp. 1212–1214.
Sakata, H., G. Dresselhaus, M.S. Dresselhaus and M. Endo, “Effect of
Uniaxial Stress on the Raman Spectra of Graphite Fibers,” Journal of
Applied Physics, Vol. 63, No. 8, 1988, pp. 2769–2772.
Tuinstra, F. and J.L. Koenig, “Raman Spectrum of Graphite,” Journal of
Chemical Physics, Vol. 53, No. 3, 1970, p. 1126.
Wang, Y., D.C. Alsmeyer and R.L. McCreery, “Raman Spectroscopy of
Carbon Materials: Structural Basis of Observed Spectra,” Chemical Materials,
Vol. 2, No. 5, 1990, pp. 557–563.
Washer, G. and F. Blum, “Raman Spectroscopy for the Nondestructive
Testing of Carbon Fiber,” Research Letters in Materials Science, 2008.
Washer, G., T. Brooks, and R. Saulsberry, “Characterization of Kevlar
Using Raman Spectroscopy,” Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering,
Vol. 21, No. 5, 2009, pp. 226–234.
Weber, W.H. and R. Merlin, Raman Scattering in Materials Science, first
edition, New York, New York, Springer-Verlag, 2000.
Metrics
| Usage | Shares |
|---|---|
Total Views 93 Page Views |
Total Shares 0 Tweets |
93 0 PDF Downloads |
0 0 Facebook Shares |
| Total Usage | |
| 93 |